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Elevated Frequencies of Micronuclei and other Nuclear Abnormalities of Chrome Plating Workers Occupationally Exposed to Hexavalent Chromium
Sudha S,Kripa S K,Shibily P,Shyn J
Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention , 2011,
Abstract: Background: Biomonitoring provides a useful tool to estimate the genetic risk from exposure to genotoxic agents. The aim of this study was to assess the potential cytogenetic damage associated with occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium by using micronuclei (MN) as a biomarker. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study and all participants were males. Both the exposed and control individuals were selected from Coimbatore, Southern India. Exfoliated buccal cells from 44 chrome plating workers and 40 age and sex matched control subjects were examined for MN frequency and nuclear abnormalities (NA) other than micronuclei, such as binucleates, broken eggs, karyorrhexis, karyolysis and pyknosis. Results: Results showed statistically significant difference between chrome plating workers and control groups. MN and NA frequencies in chrome plating workers were significantly higher than those in control groups (p < 0.05) and also significantly related to smoking habit (P < 0.05). A significant difference in NA was observed in workers exposed to chromium for longer duration. In addition to this, a higher degree of NA was observed among smokers.Conclusion: MN and other NA reflect genetic changes, events associated with carcinogenesis. Therefore the results of this study indicate that chrome plating workers are under risk of significant cytogenetic damage. Therefore, there is a need to educate those who work with heavy metals about the potential hazard of occupational exposure and the importance of using protective measures.
Octopamine Neuromodulatory Effects on a Social Behavior Decision-Making Network in Drosophila Males
Sarah J. Certel,Adelaine Leung,Chih-Yung Lin,Philip Perez,Ann-Shyn Chiang,Edward A. Kravitz
PLOS ONE , 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013248
Abstract: Situations requiring rapid decision-making in response to dynamic environmental demands occur repeatedly in natural environments. Neuromodulation can offer important flexibility to the output of neural networks in coping with changing conditions, but the contribution of individual neuromodulatory neurons in social behavior networks remains relatively unknown. Here we manipulate the Drosophila octopaminergic system and assay changes in adult male decision-making in courtship and aggression paradigms. When the functional state of OA neural circuits is enhanced, males exhibit elevated courtship behavior towards other males in both behavioral contexts. Eliminating the expression of the male form of the neural sex determination factor, Fruitless (FruM), in three OA suboesophageal ganglia (SOG) neurons also leads to increased male-male courtship behavior in these same contexts. We analyzed the fine anatomical structure through confocal examination of labeled single neurons to determine the arborization patterns of each of the three FruM-positive OA SOG neurons. These neurons send processes that display mirror symmetric, widely distributed arbors of endings within brain regions including the ventrolateral protocerebra, the SOG and the peri-esophageal complex. The results suggest that a small subset of OA neurons have the potential to provide male selective modulation of behavior at a single neuron level.
Selection of Motor Programs for Suppressing Food Intake and Inducing Locomotion in the Drosophila Brain
Andreas Schoofs,Sebastian Hückesfeld,Philipp Schlegel,Anton Miroschnikow,Marc Peters,Malou Zeymer,Roland Spieβ,Ann-Shyn Chiang,Michael J. Pankratz
PLOS Biology , 2014, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001893
Abstract: Central mechanisms by which specific motor programs are selected to achieve meaningful behaviors are not well understood. Using electrophysiological recordings from pharyngeal nerves upon central activation of neurotransmitter-expressing cells, we show that distinct neuronal ensembles can regulate different feeding motor programs. In behavioral and electrophysiological experiments, activation of 20 neurons in the brain expressing the neuropeptide hugin, a homolog of mammalian neuromedin U, simultaneously suppressed the motor program for food intake while inducing the motor program for locomotion. Decreasing hugin neuropeptide levels in the neurons by RNAi prevented this action. Reducing the level of hugin neuronal activity alone did not have any effect on feeding or locomotion motor programs. Furthermore, use of promoter-specific constructs that labeled subsets of hugin neurons demonstrated that initiation of locomotion can be separated from modulation of its motor pattern. These results provide insights into a neural mechanism of how opposing motor programs can be selected in order to coordinate feeding and locomotive behaviors.
Toward Whole-Body Connectomics
Ann-Shyn Chiang,Chung-Chuan Lo
- , 2016, DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2930-16.2016
Abstract: Recent advances in neuro-technologies have revolutionized knowledge of brain structure and functions. Governments and private organizations worldwide have initiated several large-scale brain connectome projects, to further understand how the brain works at the systems levels. Most recent projects focus on only brain neurons, with the exception of an early effort to reconstruct the 302 neurons that comprise the whole body of the small worm, Caenorhabditis elegans . However, to fully elucidate the neural circuitry of complex behavior, it is crucial to understand brain interactions with the whole body, which can be achieved only by mapping the whole-body connectome. In this article, we discuss the current state of connectomics study, focusing on novel optical approaches and related imaging technologies. We also discuss the challenges encountered by scientists who endeavor to map these whole-body connectomes in large animals. This article is based on a Presidential Lecture presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting
High-throughput Computer Method for 3D Neuronal Structure Reconstruction from the Image Stack of the Drosophila Brain and Its Applications
Ping-Chang Lee,Chao-Chun Chuang,Ann-Shyn Chiang,Yu-Tai Ching
PLOS Computational Biology , 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002658
Abstract: Drosophila melanogaster is a well-studied model organism, especially in the field of neurophysiology and neural circuits. The brain of the Drosophila is small but complex, and the image of a single neuron in the brain can be acquired using confocal microscopy. Analyzing the Drosophila brain is an ideal start to understanding the neural structure. The most fundamental task in studying the neural network of Drosophila is to reconstruct neuronal structures from image stacks. Although the fruit fly brain is small, it contains approximately 100 000 neurons. It is impossible to trace all the neurons manually. This study presents a high-throughput algorithm for reconstructing the neuronal structures from 3D image stacks collected by a laser scanning confocal microscope. The proposed method reconstructs the neuronal structure by applying the shortest path graph algorithm. The vertices in the graph are certain points on the 2D skeletons of the neuron in the slices. These points are close to the 3D centerlines of the neuron branches. The accuracy of the algorithm was verified using the DIADEM data set. This method has been adopted as part of the protocol of the FlyCircuit Database, and was successfully applied to process more than 16 000 neurons. This study also shows that further analysis based on the reconstruction results can be performed to gather more information on the neural network.
Liver-Directed Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Bela Kis,Ghassan El-Haddad,Junsung Choi,Karen T. Brown,Nainesh S. Parikh,Paul B. Shyn,Rahul A. Sheth,Suvranu Ganguli
- , 2017, DOI: 10.1177/1073274817729244
Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC) are primary liver cancers where all or most of the tumor burden is usually confined to the liver. Therefore, locoregional liver-directed therapies can provide an opportunity to control intrahepatic disease with minimal systemic side effects. The English medical literature and clinical trials were reviewed to provide a synopsis on the available liver-directed percutaneous therapies for HCC and IHC. Locoregional liver-directed therapies provide survival benefit for patients with HCC and IHC compared to best medical treatment and have lower comorbid risks compared to surgical resection. These treatment options should be considered, especially in patients with unresectable disease
A surgical simulator for peeling the inner limiting membrane during wet conditions
Fumihito Arai,Fumiyuki Araki,Kanako Harada,Kiyohito Totsuka,Makoto Aihara,Mamoru Mitsuishi,Muneyuki Takao,Seiji Omata,Shyn’ya Adachi,Taisuke Masuda,Takeshi Hayakawa,Yusei Someya
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196131
Abstract:
Pathogenic VCP/TER94 Alleles Are Dominant Actives and Contribute to Neurodegeneration by Altering Cellular ATP Level in a Drosophila IBMPFD Model
Ya-Chu Chang equal contributor,Wan-Tzu Hung equal contributor,Yun-Chin Chang,Henry C. Chang,Chia-Lin Wu,Ann-Shyn Chiang,George R. Jackson,Tzu-Kang Sang
PLOS Genetics , 2011, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001288
Abstract: Inclusion body myopathy with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) is caused by mutations in Valosin-containing protein (VCP), a hexameric AAA ATPase that participates in a variety of cellular processes such as protein degradation, organelle biogenesis, and cell-cycle regulation. To understand how VCP mutations cause IBMPFD, we have established a Drosophila model by overexpressing TER94 (the sole Drosophila VCP ortholog) carrying mutations analogous to those implicated in IBMPFD. Expression of these TER94 mutants in muscle and nervous systems causes tissue degeneration, recapitulating the pathogenic phenotypes in IBMPFD patients. TER94-induced neurodegenerative defects are enhanced by elevated expression of wild-type TER94, suggesting that the pathogenic alleles are dominant active mutations. This conclusion is further supported by the observation that TER94-induced neurodegenerative defects require the formation of hexamer complex, a prerequisite for a functional AAA ATPase. Surprisingly, while disruptions of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the ER–associated degradation (ERAD) have been implicated as causes for VCP–induced tissue degeneration, these processes are not significantly affected in our fly model. Instead, the neurodegenerative defect of TER94 mutants seems sensitive to the level of cellular ATP. We show that increasing cellular ATP by independent mechanisms could suppress the phenotypes of TER94 mutants. Conversely, decreasing cellular ATP would enhance the TER94 mutant phenotypes. Taken together, our analyses have defined the nature of IBMPFD–causing VCP mutations and made an unexpected link between cellular ATP level and IBMPFD pathogenesis.
Additive Expression of Consolidated Memory through Drosophila Mushroom Body Subsets
Ann-Shyn Chiang,Chia-Lin Wu,Ching-Ching Chang,Chu-Huai Yang,Hsiang-Wen Shih,Meng-Fu Maxwell Shih,Meng-Hsuan Chiang,Tsai-Feng Fu,Ya-Lun Tsai
- , 2016, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006061
Abstract:
New components of the mercury’s perihelion precession  [PDF]
J. J. Smulsky
Natural Science (NS) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/ns.2011.34034
Abstract: The velocity of perihelion rotation of Mercury's orbit relatively motionless space is computed. It is prove that it coincides with that calculated by the Newtonian interaction of the planets and of the compound model of the Sun’s rotation.
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